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Civil Law vs. Criminal Law


See Also:

Video-Course: Overview of Criminal Law - Module 1 of 5
Video-Course: Trials and Judgements - Module 4 of 5
Short Video: Common Intentional Torts, Part 1

Civil law and criminal law are two broad and separate entities of law with separate sets of laws and punishments.

Examples of criminal law include cases of burglary, assault, battery and cases of murder. Civil law applies to cases of negligence or malpractice, for example.

Comparison Chart of the difference between Civil Law and Criminal Law:

Definition:Civil law deals with the disputes between individuals,  organizations, or between the two, in which compensation  is awarded to the victim.
Criminal law is the body of law that deals with crime and the legal  punishment of criminal offenses.
Burden of proof:
“Preponderance of evidence” The burden of proof falls on  the plaintiff. One must produce evidence beyond the  balance of probabilities.
“Beyond a reasonable doubt”: Burden of proof is always on the  state/government.
Examples:
Landlord/tenant disputes, divorce proceedings, child  custody proceedings, property disputes, personal injury, etc.
Theft, assault, robbery, trafficking in controlled substances, murder, etc.
Type of punishment:
Civil litigation usually involves some type of compensation for injuries or damages as well as disposition of property  and other disputes.
A guilty defendant is punished by incarceration and/or fines, or in exceptional cases, the death penalty. Crimes are divided into two broad classes: Felonies and Misdemeanors.
Case filed by:
Private party
Government/State
Appeal:
Either Party
Only Defendant
Jury:See state laws, doesn’t have to be unanimous
Unanimous Decision

Cases:

In civil law, a case commences when a complaint is filed by a party, which may be an individual, an organization, a company or a corporation, against another party. The party complaining is called the plaintiff and the party responding is called the defendant and the process is called litigation. In civil litigation, the plaintiff is asking the court to order the defendant to remedy a wrong, often in the form of monetary compensation to the plaintiff. In contrast, in criminal law, the case is filed by the government, usually referred to as the State and represented by a prosecutor, against a defendant. An individual can never file criminal charges against another person: an individual may report a crime, but only the government can file criminal charges in court. Crimes are activities punishable by the government and are divided into two broad classes of seriousness: felonies having a possible sentence of more than one year incarceration and misdemeanors having a possible sentence of one year or less incarceration.Cases:

Punishment:

One of the notable differences between civil law and criminal law is the punishment. In case of criminal law a person found guilty is punished by incarceration in a prison, a fine, or in some occasion's death penalty. Whereas, in case of civil law the losing party has to reimburse the plaintiff, the amount of loss which is determined by the judge and is called punitive damage. A criminal litigation is more serious than civil litigation in that criminal defendants have more rights and protections than a civil defendant.

Burdens of proof:

In case of criminal law, the burden of proof lies with the government in order to prove that the defendant is guilty. On the other hand, in case of civil law the burden of proof first lies with the plaintiff and then with the defendant to refute the evidence provided by the plaintiffs. In case of civil litigation if the judge or jury believes that there are more than 50% of the evidence favoring the plaintiffs, then plaintiffs win, which is very low as compared to 99% proof for criminal law. In case of criminal law, defendant is not declared guilty unless there are approximately more than 99% proofs against him.

How the system works:

One can say that criminal law deals with looking after public interests. It involves punishing and rehabilitating offenders, and protecting the society. The police and prosecutor are hired by the government to put the criminal law into effect. Public funds are used to pay for these services. If suppose you are the victim of the crime, you report it to the police and then it is their duty to investigate the matter and find the suspect. In most cases, if a charge has been properly presented and if there is evidence supporting it, the Government, not the person who complains of the incident, prosecutes it in the courts. This is called a system of public prosecutions. On the other hand, civil law is about private disputes between individuals or between an individual and an organization or between organizations. Civil law deals with the harm, loss, or injury to one party or the other. A defendant in a civil case is found liable or not liable for damages, while in a criminal case defendant may be found guilty or not.